membrane fouling denature proteins dairy industry feed water chemicals required spray drying drum drying membrane surface membrane units membrane filtration centrifugation leaving centrifuge tube calcium salts maintain solubility balance ph scale deposits calcium phosphate significant contributor widely discussed energy efficient proteins compared granulated texture steam heating original alternative whey 1030 times single stage lactoserich permeate pre filtration secondary treatments growing populations isolated regions particle capture size exclusion separate based separation process permeate filtrate socalled retentive treating water raw water operating costs uf process cases uf potentially lead high concentrations excessive heat cheese whey standalone systems operating conditions membrane gas separation limited applications due productivity cheese whey protein solutions ultrafiltration moderate operating conditions selectively permeable membrane water treatment plants produce potable water insolubility existing methods ro membranes uf traditional treatment methods prevent excessive damage chlorination systems employed deadend mode ultrafiltration diffusion ultrafiltration membranes high molecular weight concentration gradients lead upper chamber source result substantial pretreatment replacement additional pretreatment exceeding regulatory standards